: The foundational international legal document that defines torture and the responsibilities of states to prevent it. Defining Torture Fact Sheet : A resource from the Danish Institute Against Torture (DIGNITY)
: Jonathan H. Marks examines the "tragic temptation" to implement these methods in modern national security contexts. Healers or Interrogators -tickle torture academy-
: This paper explores how "torture techniques" (including physical and psychological stress) were standardized and rationalized within institutional frameworks. The Logic and Language of Torture : The foundational international legal document that defines
: A collection of research papers discussing how professional groups (including medical and psychological) have historically been involved in "cruel interrogation" practices. Legal and Ethical Frameworks For papers regarding the legal definition Healers or Interrogators : This paper explores how
: This research details the involvement of psychologists in developing and standardizing "interrogation strategies" at military and intelligence "black sites". Medical Complicity in Torture
of extreme methods, these sources discuss similar "academy" structures: Rationalizing Torture through Professionalization